基于深度学习的解决方案正在为各种应用程序成功实施。最值得注意的是，临床用例已增加了兴趣，并且是过去几年提出的一些尖端数据驱动算法背后的主要驱动力。对于诸如稀疏视图重建等应用，其中测量数据的量很少，以使获取时间短而且辐射剂量较低，降低了串联的伪像，促使数据驱动的DeNoINEDENO算法的开发，其主要目标是获得获得的主要目标。只有一个全扫描数据的子集诊断可行的图像。我们提出了WNET，这是一个数据驱动的双域denoising模型，其中包含用于稀疏视图deNoising的可训练的重建层。两个编码器 - 模型网络同时在正式和重建域中执行deno，而实现过滤后的反向投影算法的第三层则夹在前两种之间，并照顾重建操作。我们研究了该网络在稀疏视图胸部CT扫描上的性能，并突出显示了比更传统的固定层具有可训练的重建层的额外好处。我们在两个临床相关的数据集上训练和测试我们的网络，并将获得的结果与三种不同类型的稀疏视图CT CT DeNoisis和重建算法进行了比较。

估计X射线图像上的肺深度可以在临床常规期间提供精确的机会肺部体积估计，并提高现代结构胸部成像技术中的图像对比，如X射线暗场成像。我们提出了一种基于卷积神经网络的方法，允许每像素肺厚度估计和随后的总肺容量估计。使用从5250个真实CT扫描生成的5250个模拟Xco.NoRh，网络培训并验证了网络。此外，我们能够在真正的X线片上推断使用仿真数据训练的模型。对于45名患者，对标准临床射线照相进行定量和定性评估。基于患者对应的CT扫描来定义每个患者总肺体积的地面真理。 45个真实射线照片上的估计肺体积与地基体积之间的平均值误差为0.83升。核算患者直径时，误差会降至0.66升。辅助，我们预测了131 X射线照片的合成数据集上的肺部厚度，其中平均值误差为0.21升。结果表明，可以将在仿真模型中获得的知识转移到真正的X射线图像。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Neural information retrieval (IR) systems have progressed rapidly in recent years, in large part due to the release of publicly available benchmarking tasks. Unfortunately, some dimensions of this progress are illusory: the majority of the popular IR benchmarks today focus exclusively on downstream task accuracy and thus conceal the costs incurred by systems that trade away efficiency for quality. Latency, hardware cost, and other efficiency considerations are paramount to the deployment of IR systems in user-facing settings. We propose that IR benchmarks structure their evaluation methodology to include not only metrics of accuracy, but also efficiency considerations such as a query latency and the corresponding cost budget for a reproducible hardware setting. For the popular IR benchmarks MS MARCO and XOR-TyDi, we show how the best choice of IR system varies according to how these efficiency considerations are chosen and weighed. We hope that future benchmarks will adopt these guidelines toward more holistic IR evaluation.

We propose a routing algorithm that takes a sequence of vectors and computes a new sequence with specified length and vector size. Each output vector maximizes "bang per bit," the difference between a net benefit to use and net cost to ignore data, by better predicting the input vectors. We describe output vectors as geometric objects, as latent variables that assign credit, as query states in a model of associative memory, and as agents in a model of a Society of Mind. We implement the algorithm with optimizations that reduce parameter count, computation, and memory use by orders of magnitude, enabling us to route sequences of greater length than previously possible. We evaluate our implementation on natural language and visual classification tasks, obtaining competitive or state-of-the-art accuracy and end-to-end credit assignments that are interpretable.

The upcoming exascale era will provide a new generation of physics simulations. These simulations will have a high spatiotemporal resolution, which will impact the training of machine learning models since storing a high amount of simulation data on disk is nearly impossible. Therefore, we need to rethink the training of machine learning models for simulations for the upcoming exascale era. This work presents an approach that trains a neural network concurrently to a running simulation without storing data on a disk. The training pipeline accesses the training data by in-memory streaming. Furthermore, we apply methods from the domain of continual learning to enhance the generalization of the model. We tested our pipeline on the training of a 3d autoencoder trained concurrently to laser wakefield acceleration particle-in-cell simulation. Furthermore, we experimented with various continual learning methods and their effect on the generalization.

Media has a substantial impact on the public perception of events. A one-sided or polarizing perspective on any topic is usually described as media bias. One of the ways how bias in news articles can be introduced is by altering word choice. Biased word choices are not always obvious, nor do they exhibit high context-dependency. Hence, detecting bias is often difficult. We propose a Transformer-based deep learning architecture trained via Multi-Task Learning using six bias-related data sets to tackle the media bias detection problem. Our best-performing implementation achieves a macro $F_{1}$ of 0.776, a performance boost of 3\% compared to our baseline, outperforming existing methods. Our results indicate Multi-Task Learning as a promising alternative to improve existing baseline models in identifying slanted reporting.

Dysgraphia, a handwriting learning disability, has a serious negative impact on children's academic results, daily life and overall wellbeing. Early detection of dysgraphia allows for an early start of a targeted intervention. Several studies have investigated dysgraphia detection by machine learning algorithms using a digital tablet. However, these studies deployed classical machine learning algorithms with manual feature extraction and selection as well as binary classification: either dysgraphia or no dysgraphia. In this work, we investigated fine grading of handwriting capabilities by predicting SEMS score (between 0 and 12) with deep learning. Our approach provide accuracy more than 99% and root mean square error lower than one, with automatic instead of manual feature extraction and selection. Furthermore, we used smart pen called SensoGrip, a pen equipped with sensors to capture handwriting dynamics, instead of a tablet, enabling writing evaluation in more realistic scenarios.

我们提出的方法可以并联有效分类分类。我们的方法将与语义树中给定的节点相对应的一批分类分数和标签转换为与与祖先路径中所有节点相对应的分数和标签硬件加速器。我们在当前的硬件加速器上实现了我们的方法，并用一棵树结合了WordNet 3.0中的所有英语综合体，涵盖了20级的深度，涵盖117,659个类。我们将一批分数和标签转换为各自的祖先路径，从而产生可忽略不计的计算，并且在数据的足迹上仅消耗固定的0.04GB内存。

为了了解材料特性的起源，三轴光谱仪（TAS）处的中子散射实验通过测量其动量（Q）和能量（E）空间中的强度分布来研究样品中的磁和晶格激发。但是，TAS实验的高需求和有限的光束时间可用性提出了自然的问题，即我们是否可以提高其效率或更好地利用实验者的时间。实际上，使用TAS，有许多科学问题需要在Q-E空间的特定区域中搜索感兴趣的信号，但是当手动完成时，这是耗时且效率低下的，因为测量点可能会放置在此类的无信息区域中作为背景。主动学习是一种有前途的通用机器学习方法，可以迭代地检测自主信号的信息区域，即不受人类干扰，从而避免了不必要的测量并加快实验。此外，自主模式允许实验者在此期间专注于其他相关任务。我们在本文中描述的方法利用了对数高斯过程，由于对数转换，该过程在信号区域中具有最大的近似不确定性。因此，将不确定性最大化为采集功能，因此直接产生了信息测量的位置。我们证明了我们方法对在Themal Tas Eiger（PSI）进行真实中子实验的结果的好处，以及在合成环境中基准的结果，包括许多不同的激发。